常见问题

什么是带状疱疹(生蛇) ？

带状疱疹或生蛇是由引起水痘的同种病毒所引起的疾病。1,2当人们患上水痘并康复之后，病毒会在神经系统「休眠」，直到「重新苏醒」为带状疱疹。1,2这种情况通常会在皮肤产生疼痛的疱疹。 1

有些人还可能出现并发症例。如：眼部带状疱疹和带状疱疹后神经痛。带状疱疹后神经痛可能会持续数月至数年，1-3并影响生活质量，也会造成沉重的经济负担。*3,4

*根据欧盟数据

参考资料:
1. World Health Organization. Shingles (herpes zoster): Fact sheets. Available at: https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/shingles-(herpes-zoster). Accessed 17 September 2025.
2. Health Hub. Herpes zoster (shingles). Available at: https://www.healthhub.sg/health-conditions/herpes_zoster. Accessed 21 November 2025.
3. Goh, C. L. & Khoo L. (1997). A retrospective study of the clinical presentation and outcome of herpes zoster in a tertiary dermatology outpatient referral clinic. International Journal of Dermatology, 36, 667–672.
4. Gater, A., et al. (2015). The humanistic, economic and societal burden of herpes zoster in Europe: A critical review. BMC Public Health, 15, 193.

GSK 不对第三方网站内容负责。

我有罹患带状疱疹(生蛇)的风险吗?

50岁及以上的人群中，超过90%曾感染过水痘病毒。1*这意味着大多数成年人体内都带有可导致生蛇的病毒。大约每 3 个人当中，就有 1 人在其一生中可能有罹患生蛇的风险。2* 如果您年满 50 岁以上，由于与年龄相对应的免疫力下降 ，可能导致病毒重新激活，3您罹患生蛇的风险会因而增高。3,4

生蛇的其他风险因素包括：

  • 哮喘、糖尿病、心脏病、慢性阻塞性肺部疾病 和慢性肾病等慢性疾病 3,5
  • 其他特定感染（例如 HIV, COVID-19）3,5,6
  • 身体创伤或心理压力3,7,8
  • 带状疱疹家族史5
  • 由于疾病（例如癌症）导致免疫系统减弱，或服用某些会削弱免疫力的 物，如类固醇、器官移植后和抗癌药物,3,5,9

*根据美国人口数据

参考资料:
1. Kilgore, P.E., et al. (2003). Varicella in Americans from NHANES III: Implications for control through routine immunization. Journal of Medical Virology, 70(Suppl 1), S111–118.
2. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Shingles facts and stats. Available at: https://www.cdc.gov/shingles/data-research/index.html. Accessed 17 September 2025.
3. World Health Organization. Shingles (herpes zoster): Fact sheets. Available at: https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/shingles-(herpes-zoster). Accessed 17 September 2025.
4. Weyand, C. M. & Goronzy, J. J. (2016). Aging of the immune system: Mechanisms and therapeutic Targets. Annals of the American Thoracic Society, 13(Suppl 5), S422–S428.
5. Steinmann, M., et al. (2024). Risk factors for herpes zoster infections: A systematic review and meta-analysis unveiling common trends and heterogeneity patterns. Infection, 52, 1009–1026.
6. Bhavsar, A., et al. (2022). Increased risk of herpes zoster in adults ≥50 years old diagnosed with COVID-19 in the United States. Open Forum Infectious Disease, 9(5):ofac118.
7. Thomas, S. L., et al. (2004). Case-control study of the effect of mechanical trauma on the risk of herpes zoster. British Medical Journal, 328(7437), 439.
8. Schmidt, S. A. J., et al. (2021). Perceived psychological stress and risk of herpes zoster: A nationwide population‐based cohort study. British Journal of Dermatology, 185, 130–138.
9. Chawki, S., et al. (2022). Incidence of complications of herpes zoster in individuals on immunosuppressive therapy: A register-based population study. Journal of Infection, 84, 531–536.

GSK 不对第三方网站内容负责。

 

带状疱疹(生蛇)有哪些症状？

生蛇通常始于皮肤出现异常感觉，例如在即将出现红疹的部位感到疼痛、瘙痒、发痒或刺痛。1,2 这些感觉可能在红疹显现的至少1至2天前开始出现。3 有些人在红疹出现前，也可能出现发烧、头痛、发冷、疲倦和胃部不适等症状。1-3

生蛇的红疹多以红斑形式出现，并迅速发展为充满液体的水疱。3,4这些水疱会在7至10天内结痂，红疹通常会在2至4周内消退。2,3

参考资料:
1. World Health Organization. Shingles (herpes zoster). Available at: https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/shingles-(herpes-zoster). Accessed 17 September 2025.
2. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Shingles symptoms and complications. Available at: https://www.cdc.gov/shingles/signs-symptoms/index.html. Accessed 17 September 2025.
3. American Academy of Dermatology Association. Shingles: Signs and symptoms. Available at: https://www.aad.org/public/diseases/a-z/shingles-symptoms. Accessed 26 September 2025.
4. Health Hub. Herpes zoster (shingles). Available at: https://www.healthhub.sg/health-conditions/herpes_zoster. Accessed 21 November 2025.

GSK 不对第三方网站内容负责。

带状疱疹(生蛇)可能出现哪些并发症？

生蛇通常会自行消退，大多数人都能完全康复。然而，随着年龄的增长，并发症的风险也会随之增高。1

最常见的并发症是一种慢性神经疼痛，称为带状疱疹后神经痛，1-3大约 5 分之 1 的患者会有这种疼痛。3患者在出现生蛇皮疹的部位，会经历数月或数年的持续性神经疼痛 - 即使皮疹已经消退，带状疱疹后神经痛的情况仍会持续发生。2,3

生蛇出现在脸部时，多达25%的病例会蔓延至眼睛。4这种情况被称为眼部带状疱疹（HZO），会导致眼睛发红和肿胀。在罕见的情况下，若不及时治疗，甚至可能导致失明。4

其他并发症包括：皮肤疤痕、中风、继发感染、听力丧失、在极少数情况下，它可能导致肺炎、脑炎和中风。 2,3

参考资料:
1. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Shingles facts and stats. Available at: https://www.cdc.gov/shingles/data-research/index.html. Accessed 17 September 2025.
2. World Health Organization. Shingles (herpes zoster): Fact sheets. Available at: https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/shingles-(herpes-zoster). Accessed 17 September 2025.
3. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Shingles symptoms and complications. Available at: https://www.cdc.gov/shingles/signs-symptoms/index.html. Accessed 17 September 2025.
4. Shaikh, S. & Ta, C. N. (2002). Evaluation and management of herpes zoster ophthalmicus. American Family Physician, 66, 1723–1730.

GSK 不对第三方网站内容负责。

带状疱疹(生蛇)及其并发症有多严重？

随着年龄的增长，生蛇的严重程度和并发症的风险会随之增加。 1 大多数人都能完全康复。然而此病况仍会影响日常生活作息。2

生蛇引起的剧烈疼痛红疹会显著干扰日常生活，影响工作能力、情绪和生活质量，有时甚至会导致社交孤立和抑郁。2 此外，治疗费用和因病缺勤带来的经济负担也可能相当沉重。2

部分患者也可能会面临长期并发症。约 5 分之 1 生蛇患者可能面临带状疱疹后神经痛 ，3 这也是最常见的生蛇并发症。3,4 神经痛引起的疼痛可能非常严重，并且在皮疹消失后, 疼痛可持续数月至数年之久，3,4 以至于会影响日常生活。5

当生蛇出现在脸部时，病毒有高达25%的几率会蔓延至眼睛。导致‘眼部带状疱疹’（HZO）。6在罕见的情况下，若不及时处理，甚至可能导致视力受损或失明。6

其他并发症包括：皮肤疤痕、继发感染、听力丧失、在极少数情况下，它可能导致肺炎、脑炎和中风。 3,4

参考资料:
1. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Shingles facts and stats. Available at: https://www.cdc.gov/shingles/data-research/index.html. Accessed 17 September 2025.
2. Gater, A., et al. (2015). The humanistic, economic and societal burden of herpes zoster in Europe: A critical review. BMC Public Health, 15, 193.
3. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Shingles symptoms and complications. Available at: https://www.cdc.gov/shingles/signs-symptoms/index.html. Accessed 17 September 2025.
4. World Health Organization. Shingles (herpes zoster): Fact sheets. Available at: https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/shingles-(herpes-zoster). Accessed 17 September 2025.
5. Oster, G., et al. (2005). Pain, medication use, and health-related quality of life in older persons with postherpetic neuralgia: results from a population-based survey. Journal of Pain, 6, 356–363.
6. Shaikh, S. & Ta, C. N. (2002). Evaluation and management of herpes zoster ophthalmicus. American Family Physician, 66, 1723–1730.

GSK 不对第三方网站内容负责。

如果我没有得过水痘，是否仍然存有风险？

由于生蛇是由水痘病毒重新激活引起的，只有曾患过水痘的人才会患上此病。1,2然而，许多人不记得自己得过水痘，可能在不知情的情况下感染了该病毒。50岁及以上的人群中，超过90%曾感染过水痘病毒，3*这意味着，他们可能有罹患生蛇的风险。1

即使您过去接种过水痘疫苗，仍然有小部分几率在多年之后患上生蛇，尽管这种情况比感染水痘而患上带状疱疹的个案要少见。 1

* 根据美国人口数据

参考资料:
1. World Health Organization. Shingles (herpes zoster): Fact sheets. Available at: https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/shingles-(herpes-zoster). Accessed 17 September 2025.
2. Health Hub. Herpes zoster (shingles). Available at: https://www.healthhub.sg/health-conditions/herpes_zoster. Accessed 21 November 2025.
3. Kilgore, P.E., et al. (2003) Varicella in Americans from NHANES III: Implications for control through routine immunization. Journal of Medical Virology, 70(Suppl 1), S111–118.

GSK 不对第三方网站内容负责。

带状疱疹(生蛇)有治疗方式吗？

生蛇有几种治疗方案，及早治疗对于病情大有帮助。1在红疹出现后的72小时内开始抗病毒治疗，有助于缩短病程并减轻病情。1,2

管理与生蛇相关的疼痛也是治疗的重要环节。1由于生蛇的疼痛可能非常剧烈，医生通常会开出多种药物来帮助缓解疼痛。2,3如果红疹消退后疼痛依然持续（这种情况被称为带状疱疹后神经痛，简称 PHN），4咨询疼痛专科医生可以为您提供更具针对性的缓解方案。2,3

参考资料:
1. World Health Organization. Shingles (herpes zoster): Fact sheets. Available at: https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/shingles-(herpes-zoster). Accessed 17 September 2025.
2. Albrecht, M.A., Levin, M.J. (2025). Treatment of herpes zoster. UpToDate. Available at: https://www.uptodate.com/contents/treatment-of-herpes-zoster. Accessed 26 September 2025.
3. Stankus, S. J., et al. (2000). Management of herpes zoster (shingles) and postherpetic neuralgia. American Family Physician, 61, 2437–2444.
4. Sacks, G. M. (201). Unmet need in the treatment of postherpetic neuralgia. American Journal of Managed Care, 19(Suppl 1), S207–S213.

GSK 不对第三方网站内容负责。

带状疱疹(生蛇)会传染吗？

虽然生蛇不会直接传染给他人，但病毒仍有扩散的可能。1,2

生蛇水疱中的液体含有水痘病毒（带状疱疹病毒）。1接触到这些液体后，未曾患过水痘或未打过疫苗的人可能会被传染并长出水痘，但这并不会直接导致他们生蛇。1,2

因此, 照顾者在接触还没打水痘疫苗的小孩或婴儿时要格外小心。1待所有水疱完全干涸且结痂后，病毒传染风险便会降低。1

参考资料:
1. World Health Organization. Shingles (herpes zoster): Fact sheets. Available at: https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/shingles-(herpes-zoster). Accessed 17 September 2025.
2. Health Hub. Herpes zoster (shingles). Available at: https://www.healthhub.sg/health-conditions/herpes_zoster. Accessed 21 November 2025.

GSK 不对第三方网站内容负责。